Physics

Astronomical image of a young star system with labeled features: jet, conical outflow, dark lane, possible spiral, disk, tail, and a scale marking 300 astronomical units.
A young, nearby, massive star, whose protoplanetary disk appears perfectly edge-on, was just viewed by JWST, with staggering implications.
An abstract geometric pattern of spirals and interlocking squares in white on a black grid background evokes the elegant precision often found at the intersection of mathematics and science.
Physicist Don Lincoln explains why mathematics is a powerful tool for scientific modeling, but is not a science itself.
proton internal structure
A proton is the only stable example of a particle composed of three quarks. But inside the proton, gluons, not quarks, dominate.
A supermassive black hole caught turning on reveals a mesmerizing cosmic dance, with bright streams of light and colorful gases swirling around it against a starry backdrop.
Seven years ago, an outburst in a distant galaxy brightened and faded away. Afterward, a new supermassive black hole jet emerged, but how?
A bright star emits light in a field of smaller, scattered stars against a dark sky.
Most stars shine with properties, like brightness, that barely change at all with time. The ones that do vary help us unlock the Universe.
Black and white abstract design featuring swirling, concentric patterns resembling a ripple effect with a yin-yang-like motif at the center.
Despite no experimental evidence showing that gravitons exist, they remain a respectable concept in the world of professional physicists.
A person seated in a wheelchair uses a communication device with a Stephen Hawking-like voice, blurred flowers gently framing the scene in the foreground.
Hawking’s refusal to upgrade his communication system preserved a voice that became iconic, not just for its sound, but for the profound identity it conveyed.
Sunlight, like a quantum sun, streams through tree branches, casting golden rays over a calm lake.
Despite the Sun's high core temperatures, atomic nuclei repel each other too strongly to fuse together. Good thing for quantum physics!
An abstract green fractal pattern resembling interconnected neural pathways on a black background evokes the complexity of a fractal universe.
On larger and larger scales, many of the same structures we see at small ones repeat themselves. Do we live in a fractal Universe?
Our galactic home in the cosmos — the Milky Way — is only one of trillions of galaxies within our Universe. Is one of them truly our "twin?"
A digital vortex with glowing cyan concentric circles and geometric shapes giving a sense of depth and motion.
The problem for galactic-scale civilizations comes down to two numbers.
atoms
If atoms are mostly empty space, then why can't two objects made of atoms simply pass through each other? Quantum physics explains why.
einstein general relativity curved spacetime
Most waves need a medium to travel through. But the way that light and gravitational waves travel shows that space can't be a medium at all.
Close-up of an analog weight scale needle pointing to zero grams, with a black background.
"A person’s mass is made not of 'stuff' in the way we normally think about it, but rather our mass is made of energy."
An illustration of Galileo Galilei with a historical text and a lunar sketch alongside.
"I was stunned. Here in front of me was the original apparatus through which a new vision of the world was slowly and painfully brought to light."
Global geoid map with colorful variations representing differences in Earth's gravity field. The scale ranges from -100 (low) to 100 (high). Europe's position is central.
Scalars, vectors, and tensors come up all the time in physics. They're more than mathematical structures. They help describe the Universe.
quantum mechanics
Our classical intuition is no good in a quantum Universe. To make sense of it, we need to learn, and apply, an entirely novel set of rules.
A golden-brown turkey being carefully lowered into a metal pot outdoors, ready for a deep fry amidst the grassy area and wooden fence.
It's the ultimate setup for a Thanksgiving Day disaster. The physics of water and its solid, liquid, and gas phases compels us not to do it.
A Rubik's cube with a red X floats in space, next to a planet and moon—each marked with green checkmarks—that boast their perfect round shape.
All the stars, stellar corpses, planets, and other large, massive objects take on spherical or spheroidal shapes. Why is that universal?
A large group of people with red hair gather outdoors, many wearing white clothing.
Whether your hair is straight, wavy, curly, or kinky isn't just genetic in nature. It depends on the physics of your hair's very atoms.
A group of five people stands in front of a brown van, channeling their inner Richard Feynman. The background features a wall adorned with lush plants, setting the perfect scene for these everyday heroes.
One of the 20th century's most famous, influential, and successful physicists is lauded the world over. But Feynman is no hero to me.
flame nebula infrared spitzer
The Universe changes remarkably over time, with some entities surviving and others simply decaying away. Is this cosmic evolution at work?
Illustration of Mars with overlaid data graphs and lines, offering analytical representations that unravel the mysteries of dark matter.
Watching for changes in the Red Planet’s orbit over time could be new way to detect passing dark matter.
time dilation
Time is relative, not absolute, as gravity and motion both cause time to dilate. Your head and feet, therefore, don't age at the same rate.
A large, intricate machine with metallic components and blue scaffolding in a laboratory setting. Numerous cables and pipes are connected to the central structure.
LHC scientists just showed that spooky quantum entanglement applies to the highest-energy, shortest-lived particles of all: top quarks.
spooky action quantum
Do we actually live in a deterministic Universe, despite quantum physics? An alternative, non-spooky interpretation has now been ruled out.
A graph depicting projectile motion with displacement on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. The projectile's trajectory forms a perfect parabola, with initial velocity u and angle θ clearly indicated.
Taught in every introductory physics class for centuries, the parabola is only an imperfect approximation for the true path of a projectile.
A person is giving a presentation at a podium with a large abstract, colorful light pattern displayed on a screen behind them.
Inflation, dark matter, and string theory are all proposed extensions to the prior consensus picture. But what does the evidence say?
Comparison of weight on Earth and Mars for a 1 kg mass. On Earth: gravity = 9.81 m/s², weight = 9.81 N. On Mars: gravity = 3.72 m/s², weight = 3.72 N; demonstrating that weight and mass are not the same across different planets due to varying gravitational forces.
Here on Earth, we commonly use terms like weight (in pounds) and mass (in kilograms) as though they're interchangeable. They're not.
A painting of a group of people standing in front of a church.
The original principle of relativity, proposed by Galileo way back in the early 1600s, remains true in its unchanged form even today.