Physics

standard model structure
The idea of grand unification is a tempting one for our Universe, and a fascinating suggestion. But nature won't necessarily cooperate.
A large radio telescope dish surrounded by forested hills and several supporting towers beneath a cloudy sky, searching for signals from a distant starless gas cloud.
While we now actively listen for aliens, we've never made an intentional long-term broadcast ourselves. What signal should we ideally send?
einstein general relativity curved spacetime
General relativity is incredibly difficult, both physically and mathematically. But all theorists need to learn it. Here's how to grok it.
Visualization of the timeline of the universe, from the beginning big bang to the present.
The Hubble "constant" isn't actually constant, evolving over both time and space. Will it ever become constant? That depends on dark energy.
Two small, boxy satellites joined by an artificial gravity cable in orbit above Earth.
A huge obstacle for human bodies in space is that we fare poorly in zero/reduced gravity. Can two rotating, tethered capsules overcome that?
evolution of the Universe from all free particles to stable atomic nuclei to neutral atoms
The expanding Universe, CMB, and large-scale structure revealed the Big Bang. New nucleosynthesis advances deliver unprecedented precision.
The observable Universe is 92 billion light-years in diameter. These pictures put just how large that is in perspective.
Voyager 1
We strongly suspect we aren't alone in the Universe, but so far, we haven't found anyone. What determines when we'll finally make contact?
A page titled “The Philosophy of Time Travel” and a folded paper with a sinister, smiling skull drawing are set against a geometric, tunnel-like background, alluding to the mysterious lessons in physics and mortality found within Donnie Darko.
Most time travel stories involve changing the past to create a better future. "Donnie Darko" subverts that expectation, and a whole lot more.
standard model color
Predicted back in the 1960s, 2012's discovery of the Higgs boson completed the Standard Model. But the biggest Higgs puzzle still persists.
Einstein field equations
Although many of Einstein's papers revolutionized physics, there's one Einsteinian advance, generally, that towers over all the rest.
crab pulsar remnant
Millisecond pulsars are the Universe's most accurate natural clocks. A pulse change, thought rare, just occurred twice in the closest one.
colliding black holes
All matter particles can act as waves, and massless light waves show particle-like behavior. Can gravitational waves also be particle-like?
A person in a cleanroom suit stands next to a large cylindrical scientific instrument inside a high-tech laboratory with bright lighting and metallic walls, where one blip of dark matter was recently detected.
In 1982, an experiment showed unprecedented evidence for exotic matter: magnetic monopoles. But without reproducibility, it didn't hold up.
blue marble not 24 hours apollo 17
As the Earth spins and wobbles on its axis and revolves elliptically around the Sun, each day differs from the last. "24 hours" isn't right.
There's a speed limit to the Universe: the speed of light in a vacuum. But you can beat the speed of light. Just travel through a medium!
anti-gravity mirror
If you look into a mirror, you'll notice that left-and-right are reversed, but up-and-down is preserved. The reason isn't what you think.
time dilation
We live in a four-dimensional Universe, where matter and energy curve the fabric of spacetime. But time sure is different from space!
blue sky
The sky and oceans are both blue. It's not because one reflects the other. Science explains them both, but for very different reasons.
A man in a red shirt gestures with his hands. The text “MOND vs. Dark Matter” is displayed over a starry black background.
There are two rival ideas to try to make sense of the Universe: dark matter or modified gravity. Can a new cosmic test settle the issue?
On Earth's surface, we accelerate at 1g: 9.8m/s². In orbit, the acceleration is only slightly less. So why, then, are astronauts weightless?
Bright, high-contrast image showing dynamic plasma patterns breaking across the Sun’s surface like an ocean of energy, labeled “DKIST/416 nm,” with axes marked in kilometers.
With the National Solar Observatory's incredible DKIST, we see the Sun in the highest resolution ever. Its latest images blew us all away.
A view of Earth from space showing the continents, oceans, and cloud formations, with a dark background and a small bright object—possibly the Artemis II moon—visible below the planet, evoking a sense of hope for exploration.
The Earth is a massive planet, but doesn't form a truly perfect sphere. Here's how to understand our strongest and weakest gravity points.
big crunch
Our Universe has a positive, non-zero value to the energy within empty space. Can we potentially save ourselves by considering vacuum decay?
universe bulk volume brane dimension
Mathematics is our language for quantitatively describing reality, but it can also take us to worlds that never were. Physics needs more.
A middle-aged man with glasses and a receding hairline, wearing a blue shirt, looks toward the camera against a plain white background.
15mins
We experience only one small slice of the ruliad. What’s the ruliad? Stephen Wolfram explains.
elements Cas A remnant Chandra X-ray
Despite the brilliance of these cosmic beacons, only 1% of a core-collapse supernova's energy is observable. The other 99% is in neutrinos.
An aerial view of LIGO Hanford, showing two long, perpendicular arms extending across a flat, brown landscape with a few buildings at the intersection.
The LIGO facilities in the U.S. are the most sensitive gravitational wave detectors in the world. Their future remains uncertain.
A man sits on a chair against a white backdrop, gesturing with one hand. The background is yellow with abstract black lines and nodes connecting around him.
54mins
What do the laws of physics, biological evolution, and your free will have in common? The same mathematical principle runs through all of them. Stephen Wolfram has spent 40 years finding it.
Split image: On the left, green and pink power aurora lights shimmer in the night sky over water; on the right, bright white fireworks explode against the darkness.
Over 800,000 fireworks explode in under an hour in the world's largest fireworks shows. How do natural auroral displays compare in energy?