Physics

Standard Model particles symmetry
The combination of charge conjugation, parity, and time-reversal symmetry is known as CPT. And it must never be broken. Ever.
warm-hot intergalactic medium sculptor wall
In traveling through the expanding Universe, particles slow down while light and gravitational waves redshift. What degrades and what won't?
hubble tension
Even space and time are relative in Einstein's universe. That means our old notions of "where" and "when" no longer apply on cosmic scales.
The fundamental building blocks of reality are indivisible: quanta that cannot be split or divided. Our understanding remains incomplete.
Stellar explosion
Many reactions emit energy, often in large amounts, but cosmic efficiency is another metric altogether. Here's how to maximize your output.
einstein
Even the most brilliant mind in history couldn't have achieved all he did without significant help from the minds of others.
An elderly woman wearing glasses, a black hat, and a patterned scarf smiles while seated indoors—reminiscent of Gladys West, the Einstein behind GPS technology.
Two main contributors enabled our modern global positioning system (GPS): Albert Einstein and Gladys West. Here's how she made it happen.
zeno's paradox
Travel half the distance to your destination, and there's always another half to go. So how do you eventually arrive? That's Zeno's Paradox.
A woman in a red dress is gracefully ice skating on a frozen lake.
While ice itself is slick, slippery, and difficult to navigate across under most circumstances, skaters easily glide across the ice.
A large group of people stands together inside a spacious, industrial facility—likely the LHC—surrounded by tall machinery, pipes, and metal structures, celebrating the best 2025 discovery in particle physics.
Some vital, key ingredients must be in place for the Universe to make more matter than antimatter. The LHC took us one step closer in 2025.
gravity probe b
We first measured G, the gravitational constant, back in the 18th century. As the least well-known fundamental constant, can it be improved?
A wavy line, one meter long, transitions from dark red to bright yellow above a ruler, set against a magenta oval with a blue background featuring drawn human figures.
Until the late 20th century, there wasn't a truly universal standard. Under our current definition, everyone agrees on what "one meter" is.
gravitational wave effects on spacetime
We've now detected hundreds of gravitational waves with LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA. What if we tried Weber's original method in the modern day?
two particles different wavelength speed of light
Times dilate and lengths contract near the speed of light. Bizarre and confusing? Sure. But under relativity, it can't be any other way.
DUNE neutrino detectors
Nearly 100 years after being theorized, the strange behavior of the neutrino still mystifies us. They could be even stranger than we know.
A woman with long blonde hair, wearing a black top and blazer, stands outdoors in front of modern buildings on a sunny day.
Investment in quantum is growing. Anastasia Marchenkova wants to make sure funders still ask the tough questions.
The whole isn't greater than the sum of its parts; that's a flaw in our thinking. Non-reductionism requires magic, not merely science.
Two illustrations: on the left, a ball bounces back after hitting a wall; on the right, inspired by quantum advances, the ball passes through—echoing breakthroughs honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics. A child throws the ball in both scenarios.
Quantum mechanics was first discovered on small, microscopic scales. 2025's Nobel Prize brings the quantum and large-scale worlds together.
A circular diagram illustrating the observable universe, showing planets, stars, galaxies, and cosmic background radiation layers—revealing where Big Bang echoes still linger.
If you think of the Big Bang as an explosion, we can trace it back to a single point-of-origin. But what if it happened everywhere at once?
LIGO Livingston
10 years ago, LIGO first began directly detecting gravitational waves. Now better than ever, it's revealing previously unreachable features.
Book cover for "Facing Infinity: Black Holes and Our Place on Earth" by Jonas Enander, featuring a starry night sky, a swirling black hole graphic, and a faint silhouette of a priest gazing into the cosmic abyss.
In this excerpt from "Facing Infinity," Jonas Enander examines how John Michell conceived of "dark stars," or massive bodies with enough gravity to trap light, all the way back in 1783.
Abstract 3D geometric surface with intersecting translucent orange and brown planes, inspired by the amplituhedron theory of everything, set against a blurred orange background with white network lines.
Since even before Einstein, physicists have sought a theory of everything to explain the Universe. Can positive geometry lead us there?
a red and orange abstract background with lines.
Explanations for the cosmic speed limit often conflate mass with inertia.
A person inspects a large, cylindrical section of a Higgs factory tunnel lined with metal pipes, cables, and equipment—a crucial site for particle physics research.
A next-generation collider is required for studying particle physics at the frontiers. Here's the fastest, cheapest way to get it done.
Amplifying the energy within a laser, over and over, won't get you an infinite amount of energy. There's a fundamental limit due to physics.
F = ma fall up
From high school through the professional ranks, physicists still take incredible lessons away from Newton's second law.
A visual simulation of two objects orbiting and merging, distorting a red-orange grid representing spacetime—illustrating gravitational waves once thought to be the worst prediction in science.
The measured value of the cosmological constant is 120 orders of magnitude smaller than what's predicted. How can this paradox be resolved?
An artist's impression of a cluster of stars.
If the Universe is 13.8 billion years old today, but different ages the farther we look back, what does it mean for a star to be the first?
A large circular particle accelerator laboratory with various machines, cables, and equipment; two people are working near the center on experiments related to the muon g-2 anomaly.
When theory and experiment disagree, it could mean new physics. This time, they solved the muon g-2 puzzle, and saved the Standard Model.
Edwin Hubble and Andromeda galaxy
For decades, astronomers have claimed the Milky Way will merge with Andromeda in ~4 billion years. Here's why, in 2025, that seems unlikely.